Compensation For Breach Of Contract - 1843 Words

Section 74: Compensation for breach of contract where penalty stipulated for Section 74 lays down that â€Å"When a contract has been broken, if a sum is named in the contract as the amount be paid in case of such breach, or if the contract contains any other stipulation by way of penalty, the party complaining of the breach is entitled, whether or not actual damage or loss is proved to have been caused thereby, to receive from the party who has broken the contract reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount so named or, as the case may be, the penalty stipulated for. Illustrations A contracts with B to pay B Rs. 1,000 if he fails to pay B Rs. 500 on a given day. A fails to pay B Rs. 500 on that day. B is entitled to recover from A such compensation, not exceeding Rs. 1,000, as the court considers reasonable.† In this section the only exception is â€Å"when any person enters into any bail bond, recognizance or other instrument of the same nature or, under the provisions of any law, or under the orders of the Central Government or of any State Government, gives any bond for the performance of any public duty or act in which the public are interested, he shall be liable, upon breach of the condition of any such instrument, to pay the whole sum mentioned therein † This section basically comes to play when a specific amount is mentioned in a contract as the amount payable in the event of breach or any other stipulation regarding a penalty is provided in a contract and theShow MoreRelatedDamages For Breach Under Indian Conract Act Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesDAMAGES FOR BREACH UNDER INDIAN CONRACT ACT When a contract has been broken by the party who suffers by such breach1is entitled to receive from the party who has broken the , contract compensation for any loss or damage caused to him by whch the natural course of things from such breach or which the parties knew when they made the contract ,to be likely to result from breach of it , such compensation is not to be given by the any remote loss or the damage sustained by the reason of breach. ExplanationRead MoreThe Contract Between Tara And Vernon1559 Words   |  7 Pages(a) Is there a contract between Tara and Vernon? Yes, there is a contract between Tara and Vernon. Although parties may have entered into a valid contract, it is necessary to ascertain the extent of the obligations that the parties have entered into, that is the contents of the contract. A contract may be made wholly by word of mouth, we called it oral contract or wholly in writing, we called it written contract. Where the contract between Tara and Vernon is wholly in writing, the court will construeRead MoreA Contract Is A Violation Agreement Between Two Or More Persons / Parties1518 Words   |  7 PagesA contract is a lawful agreement between two or more persons/parties/people within the limits of their contractual capacity, with the serious intention of creating a legal obligation, communication such intentions without vagueness, each to the other being of the same mind as to the subject matter, to perform positive or negative acts which are possible of performance. (Gibson Fraser, 2011) To have a valid contract three elements are necessary: agreement, intention to create and consideration.Read MoreThe Position Under English Law Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe quality of contract law in India does not recognize the nature of compensation as under common law to exclude somewhat complex refining section 74. In the case of criminal provisions, damage will be assessed in the usual way, and the sum is greater than the plaintiff may recover even prescribed amount. In critical contracts, and the true nature of the payment of compensation, under the conditions and inherent circumstances the court must consider in making time of the contract, rather than atRead MoreMonetary Compensation For A Loss, Detriment, Or Injury? Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesLiquidated damages are defined as ‘Monetary compensation for a loss, detriment, or injury to a person or a person s rights or property, awarded by a court judgment or by a contract stipulation regarding breach of contr act’ (1). Also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages, liquidated damages are damages whose amount the parties agreed upon during the formation of a contract which the injured party can claim as compensation upon a specific breach, unlike unliquidated damages which are notRead MoreMedical Organizations And An Exclusive Contract1508 Words   |  7 PagesHospitals or specialized medical organizations often enter into a contract that is â€Å"Exclusive† meaning that the person or people will be providing a specific service to that organization. Specialized medical organizations also known as ancillary service departments are â€Å"specialized† departments such as radiologists, anesthesiologist, and cardiologists. Exclusive contracts are often seen between these specialized departments such as in the case of nurse Oltz, an anesthesiologist for St. Peter’s CommunityRead MoreAn Intentional Tort Action Against A Grape Producer945 Words   |  4 Pag esinvolving a breach contract between my health food products business and a grape producer and distributor. In the words of the Honorable Allen M. Linden â€Å"Tort laws have a noble mission and opportunity to help people in trouble. The injured and the bereaved desperately require tort lawyers to help them retake whatever is left of their lives that can be retaken with money† (Linden, 2005). I seek restitution for compensatory damages for loss of revenue, pain and suffering due to the broken contract. As wellRead MoreAffects of European Law on English Law1370 Words   |  6 Pagessue each other on claims which accumulated prior termination. Such example where agent could be sued for negligent performance of his obligation due to agent’s illness. Thus, if agency is contractual, the contract could only be terminable on a reasonable notice to prevent a breach of contract by principal. The relationship between Principal and Agent is stated in common law where agent is in a fiduciary relationship with the Principal. â€Å"Agency is the relationship arising where one person,Read MoreWedding Dress : A Legal Contract933 Words   |  4 PagesIn September 2014 a legal contract had been stipulated between â€Å"JME Wedding Dresses† and Michael in order to create a particular wedding dress made of an expensive Italian material for the wedding of her daughter Sophia. A contract can be created thank to an offer and an acceptance between the offeree and the offeror, which both have legal capacities. Therefore, a commercial binding agreement has been created, which the court will enforce, if needed. A Contract establishes the terms within it, thereRead MoreWarranties Are An Important Contract Term1716 Words   |  7 Pagesa) Warranties are an important contract term which are applied to insurance policies (either implied or expressly written into the contract) and essentially they outline a promise made by the insured relating to facts of the risk or to something which the insured has agreed to do. For example the warranty may require: †¢ Rubbish is to be cleared up each night and removed from the premises †¢ The alarm systems are to be maintained in full working order and put into operation when the premises are

Psychology Research on Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders

Abstract Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders among college students is an area of concern among researchers, because of the relationship between quality sleep and quality of academic performance. The factors that have been shown to affect sleep quality or sleep patterns include staying up late, using social networking, and partying. This research uses a simple, unique survey instrument. A total of fifty college students participated in the study. Results substantiate the hypothesis that social media use is heavy among college students, and that the use of social media will be correlated with less sleep and less effective study habits. Future research may discover ways of helping students develop more balanced approaches to their academic, online, and social lives. Introduction Sleep deprivation is a serious concern among college students, who are among the most sleep-deprived age group in the United States, (Central Michigan University, 2008). It is important to study the causes of sleep deprivation, or sleep disorders, among college students. According to Park (2009), dozens of studies have linked an increase in nightly sleep to better cognition and alertness. A study by Central Michigan University (2008) found that sleep deprivation can lead to poor academic performance, impaired driving, depression, and behavioral problems. There are several variables that may affect sleeping patterns among college students. One is genetics or biological issues. It is highlyShow MoreRelatedRunning Head:Sleep Deprivation1329 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: SLEEP DEPRIVATION ​ 1 Sleep Deprivation Adolescent Development St. Joeseph’s College Professor McCambley 05/08/2017 Stephanie Lino  Sleep Deprivation ​Sleep deprivation can effect development in a multitude of ways; it could be mental, emotional, or even physical. In some ways sleep deprivation is a very dangerous issue that can cause adolescents to have decreasedRead MoreSleep Quality And Academic Performance890 Words   |  4 Pages Sleep Quality Affecting College Student’s Academic Performance Sleep is one of the few necessities that are needed for humans to function and overall survive. People, generally adults, fail to realize the need for sleep when they are constantly working around the clock. This sort of deficiency leads to a common sleep disorder called sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can affect teens and working adults but is seen predominately among college students. College students are succumbed to dedicatingRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Children Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Simmons once said, â€Å"There is no such thing as sleep deprivation, there is only caffeine deficiency.† College students everywhere have claimed this as their motto. From art majors who stay up late practicing charcoal and shading, to nursing majors who are stressing all night studying for their exams and practicums, to engineering majors who think a good night’s sleep is three or four hours, sleep has rarely been prioritised in college. Psycho logy Professors at the University of Hong Kong, CheungRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography List : Ted Talk Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesvideo that I watched was Why do we sleep by Russel Foster. This TED talk was about why we need sleep and how getting less than the suggested amount affects the brain. There are three main reasons why we need sleep; restoration, energy conservation, and brain function. Only certain genes are turned on when you sleep so you need to sleep in order for those genes to turn on and allow you other genes to be restored, while sleeping you save about 110 calories, sleep helps enhance creativity, and yourRead MoreSleep Quality And Academic Performance Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst fundamental routine of sleep changes dramatically. College students rarely find themselves getting about eight hours of sleep every day. Thus started the idea of how a student’s academic performance can be affected by the amount of sleep they get. The research article, â€Å"Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists† written by Steven P. Gilbert and Cameron C. Weaver, represents the perfect study on how sleep quality and quantity can affectRead MoreHow Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Effects Sleep Disturbances Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pageshave experience a stress after a terrible accident, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that could related to the sleep deprivation. The purpose of this study was to examined the relationship between two variables, which are sleep and stress in a participants who have experienced the terrible accident that considered a major life event. The datas in this study were collected from community college who are taking psychology 280 class. Both male and female in various race like White, Hispanic/LatinoRead MoreA persuasive speech about Sleep Deprivation Importance of Good Nights Rest.809 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, sleep has come second to our daily routine, disregarding its importance for productivity. Many people are bogged down with errands, career issues and studying that sleep becomes overlooked. However, most of what we accomplish can be streamlined into more efficient productivity by one minor adjustment; a full-nights rest. According to the Journal of Nature Neuroscience, researchers have studied human memory by taking a PET scan of a group of people during REM-sleep, the type of sleep that occursRead MoreSleep Loss Or Sleep Deprivation860 Words   |  4 PagesSleep Loss Sleep loss, or sleep deprivation, is very common throughout the world. It is very important to make sure you get at least eight hours of sleep each night for you to be ready to get up and go. It has been said that teenagers need an average of nine hours and fifteen minutes of sleep, according to my psychology teacher. It is very dangerous to go without sleep, hallucinations can and sometimes will occur. It is always easy to tell when a person is not getting enough sleep. They have bagsRead MoreGetting The Right Amount Of Sleep Is Very Important Because1490 Words   |  6 Pagesamount of sleep is very important; because of sleep loss, many human and environmental health disasters have occurred. Looking back at the past one hundred years, the average amount of sleep that americans obtain, has decreased by twenty percent. There are certain amounts of sleep every age group needs to get through each night. Children six to thirteen years old need 9-11 hours; ages fourteen to seventeen ne ed 8-10 hours; and eighteen to sixty-four year olds need to obtain 7-9 hours of sleep every nightRead MoreWhat Happens During The Sleep Cycle?1463 Words   |  6 PagesExploratory Essay Final 11/16/15 What Happens During the Sleep Cycle? Have you ever wondered what is happening while a person is sleeping? â€Å"Sleep is the word we use to define both a biological state and a behavioral state in which we are quiet and relatively unresponsive to external stimuli† (Larson 1990). Measured when sleeping, brain waves have been identified into several distinct stages. Everyone experiences four stages of the sleep cycle, including REM (Larson 1990). This topic really interested

Characteristics of a Good Learning Environment Free Essays

Characteristics of an excellent learning environment. The physical place of the classroom can affect a students learning. I noticed that many classrooms are shaped like a box. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of a Good Learning Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In which the teacher stands at the front providing the students with information, rather than knowledge. Classrooms should be designed so that the teacher and students can meet as a group, as well be able to work independently. The method that I find works the best is when students work together as small groups. Information can be better examined and be explained in different perspectives. Students need excellent instructors in their classrooms. Instructors create a natural critical learning environment for their students. Every instuctors environment will be different in some type of way. Some instructors create this environment with lectures, discussions, or role playing. These types of teaching will help students to learn new material and apply it in their lives. Many times an instructor’s lecture is extremely long, and I lose interest. I often look at the clock or daydream after a while. It’s not because I don’t care what their talking about, it’s just that I enjoy working hands on. Instructors play an important role in a student’s success and should teach in a way that students best learn. The role of grades is an important part of evaluating a student. A student who works hard and puts forth a lot of effort will normally earn good grades. The students are eager to learn new material and apply it. Me, myself often works extremely hard to earn good grades. Many times I do not get my desired grade because many times I just do enough to get by. I often get frustrated with myself for not achieving a grade I could have earned. Learning is my number one role and responsibility as a student. If I fail to learn it who will learn it for me. I have to be one hundred percent dedicated to learning new things. I know that every class hat I am attending in college will be applied in my career. I know that I am far from being a good writer but I’m willing to learn how to become one. I will also learn how I could have written this essay better from my instructor. How to cite Characteristics of a Good Learning Environment, Essay examples

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania Essay Example For Students

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania Essay Privatization of Electricity in TanzaniaThe story of Tanzania, from pre-colonialist period to presentTanzania, located in East Africa, is one of the least developed countries in the world. According to the UNDP Human Development Index, Tanzania ranked 162 out of 177 countries in the 2004 survey (UNDP:2004, HDI), with one being the most developed. According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) prepared by Tanzanian officials for the World Bank, half of Tanzanians 36.6 million people are characterized as poor and one-third live in abject poverty(WB: PRSP p.1). Tanzanians have a life expectancy of 43.5 years, a fertility rate of 5.1 births per woman, an HIV prevalence of 8.8%, and a population growth rate of 1.95% (UNDP: 2004). Agriculture makes up half of the countrys GDP, 85% of the exports, and 80% of the labor force (CIA: 2004). Culturally, Tanzanians are made up of 130 different tribes, each speaking their own mother tongue. The official languages of Tanzania are Kiswahil i and English, with English being the main language in commerce, administration, and higher education (CIA: 2004). Kiswahili is a mix of Bantu languages, English, and Arabic, and is indicative of the millennia old history of trade with the outside world. Records of trade routes with the Middle East date back to the 1st century AD (govt web: early history). Zanzibar and the coastal town of Bagamoya were the hubs of the East African slave trade, active for well over a thousand years (pilot). While the early slave trade with the Middle East existed only on a small scale, transporting around 100 slaves at a time, the appearance of Europeans in the 17th century ratcheted up the trade to a much larger scale and level of organization, at its height moving 15,000 slaves a year out of East Africa (pilot). Serious efforts to end the slave trade began in the 19th century, though the trade continued through the German occupation of then German East Africa in the latter part of the century. In 1919 after World War I, Britain took over German East Africa, renaming it Tanganyika, and permanently put an end to the slave trade (govt web: colonial period ). Tanganyika attained independence from British rule in 1961 and Zanzibar followed soon after in 1963, ending the existence of the British mandated territory. Tanzania was formed in 1964 by uniting the mainland, Tanganyika, and the islands of Zanzibar. An excerpt from the Tanzanian National Website displays an interesting official interpretation of the lingering effects of centuries of occupation by foreigners (my emphasis):During the domination of Tanzania by Germans, British and Arabs, the indigenous people were decimated, lost their destiny and cultural identity, were economically exploited and their technology disrupted. However, the worst evil of all committed by colonialists has been their wishful intent to discourage individual initiative to venture, discover, make attempts and to fabricate. The outcome is the current dependency status! (govt web, social organization)This quote reveals an interesting viewpoint to keep in mind as we enter the discussion of the political climate and the push for privatization and foreign investment in modern day Tanzania. Politics and PrivatizationAfter independence was established in the sixties, Tanzania entered a long period of socialism where the economy, and hence all private investor-owned property, was nationalized (AETC: 2000, history). In subsequent decades, many of the public enterprises suffered from bad management and a lack of financial viability leading to a failing Tanzanian economy. In 1992 the government finally reformed its political system, allowing the formation of political parties (ibid). The same year the Tanzanian government announced the establishment of the Parastatal Sector Reform Commission (PSRC) signaling its intention to privatize all of the 390 state-owned enterprises in an effort to rejuvenate the economy, making Tanzania more competitive in the global market (prctz.com). In an effort to attract investors and decrease risk perception, the government signed international treaties committing never to nationalize private property again (AETC: 2001, history). PSRC expanded the policy in 1996 to include private sector participation in utilities and infrastructure ventures (prctz.com). According to the PSRC website, currently 330 public enterprises have been taken over by the private sector. Tanzanian investors have maintained 100% ownership in 135 of those enterprises (WB:PRSP). Tanzania Electric Supply Company (Tanesco)One of the biggest parastatals which maintained 100% Tanzanian governmental ownership until recently is the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (Tanesco), responsible for all grid-connected electricity supply in the country. Lets take a brief look at the history of Tanesco and electricity provision in Tanzania:1908 1st public electricity supply set up by German colonialists, served railway workshops and colonialist neighborhoods1920 British take over control of then Tanganyika, establish a Governmental Electricity Department1931 Electricity supply handed over to two private enterprises 1) Tanganyika Electric Supply Company Ltd. (Tanesco) 2) Dar es Salaam and District Electric Supply Company Ltd. (Danesco)1964 Independence and establishment of Tanzania as a socialist nation, over a period of ten years the government purchases 100% stock in both companies1968 The two companies are merged and renamed Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd., maintained under governmental control for the remainder of the century (190 8-1968 above from AETC: 2000, company profile: Tanesco)1992 Liberalization of Tanzanian economy allows for private investor involvement in electricity generation, maintains governmental control of transmission and distribution (prtz:Tanesco)1995 Songas was established, an Independent Power Producer project company created to implement the Songo Songo natural gas to electricity project 1996 PSR policy reformed to allow private sector involvement in utilities and infrastructure ventures1999 Tanzanian Government approved a restructuring plan for Tanesco and a new policy for the electricity industry (prtz:Tanesco)Tanesco is a traditional vertically integrated electric utility, meaning it offers all aspects of power provision: generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Tanesco used to have a complete monopoly on all aspects of power provision, but as of 1992, the Tanzanian government began allowing Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to generate power and sell that pow er to the Tanesco grid for transmission and distribution. Under this organizational structure, there are more opportunities for competition amongst power providers, with the intention of better service for electricity customers. Mental Illnesses EssayGlobaleq.com:overviewhttp://www.cdcglobeleq.com/fw/main/Overview-1504.htmlGlobaleq.com:Africahttp://www.cdcglobeleq.com/fw/main/default.asp?DocID=1500Globaleq.com:pressreleasehttp://www.cdcglobeleq.com/fw/main/default.asp?DocID=1612Pilothttp://www.pilotguides.com/destination_guide/africa/tanzania_and_zanzibar/slave_trade.phpPsrctz.comParastatal Sector Reform Commission http://www.psrctz.com/Main_Index.htmWB:PRSRP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paperhttp://wbln0018.worldbank.org/ppiaf/activity.nsf/0/98b7fea48b7c7a2885256a7d00553f86?OpenDocumentReference case projections- World Energy Consumption http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/appa1_a8.pdfMwakisyala, James. 12 Firms to Bid For Songo Songo Pipeline Projects, The East African, September 10, 2001. Nemtzow, David. More Power to You: On Bjorn Lomborg and Energy. Grist Magazine, December 2001. http://www.grist.org/advice/books/2001/12/12/to/REEEPEastern Africa Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) STATUS OF POWER SECTOR REFORMS AND PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN TANZANIA, June 2003. Rose, C. 1998, The Several Futures of Property: Of Cyberspace and Folk Tales, Emission Trades and Ecosystems, 83 Minn. L. Rev. 129. Science in Africa: 2004http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/september/solar.htmSerconline.orghttp://www.serconline.org/RPS/stateactivity.htmlTCPL sells to AEShttp://news.moneycentral.msn.com/ticker/sigdev.asp?Symbol=TRPTCPL: 2000Env Impact Assessment of songashttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/02/17/000094946_01013105504474/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txtTI:CPI, 2004http://www.transparency.org/cpi/2004/cpi2004.en.html#cpi2004Watergy.org: factshttp://www.watergy.org/aboutus/facts/facts.htmlUNEP, Country Study News: Tanzania, UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, No. 9 May 1997 SupplementUNDP: 2004, HDI http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indic/indic_12_1_1.html

Dictionary of the Khazars Review Essay Example

Dictionary of the Khazars Review Paper Essay on Dictionary of the Khazars This is an invitation to write a review ! Who read it recently, respond !!! This book is worth it ! A very interesting thing Pavic Balkan magician has created a real hypertext with lots of references The wonderful hoax, which is so nice to dive The central theme of the book the choice of the Khazars religion. Thank you, Pavic, think not thought about these Khazars Flashed a couple of times in the pages of history textbooks and disappeared from my sight area .. And then so much about them ! So much so seriously that already begin to believe! Although in fact it is a charming fable for the most part ))) The book consists of three parts: the Jewish, Christian, Islamic The novel can be read as you like, not necessarily from the beginning to the end. .. But it is doubtful whether this makes sense .. All these parts are crossed interpenetrate each other exist for this dream And any sleep every human being embodied as a somebody someone elses reality. If you go from here to the Bosphorus, from street to street, we can date the date dial for a year with all of his time, because everyone has their own fall and in its sleep and all times of life, because on any given day no one is old and no longer young, and all life can be imagined as a candle flame, so that between the birth and the death of even one breath left to her to put out . We will write a custom essay sample on Dictionary of the Khazars Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dictionary of the Khazars Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dictionary of the Khazars Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer in addition Pavic intrigued me that there are male and female versions of the dictionary .. and no, you can not live without reading both Old Serbian sly !! I had to climb in the Internet and, sparing no manicure, look for the difference ..! Found but will not tell you! Pliiiiz read a book and write a review, but I have forgotten a lot )))

Learning to Become an Ecologist - Secrets of Ecologists

Learning to Become an Ecologist - Secrets of Ecologists How To Become An Ecologist While the profession of ecologist is not very old, it already has a rich history, interesting peculiarities, and millions of advocates, eager to become ecologists as they grow up. The main object of the ecologist is finding and studying the relations between the living organisms, including human beings. It may seem as not really interesting task from the first glance, but it is much more gripping as it may seem. Unveiling the Secrets of Ecologist Ecologists Duty The actual work, performed by ecologists can be not really influential separately rescued animal, studied soil, organized striker against a harmful manufacture. Apparently, that is not as much important as rescuing people from fire or saving peoples lives in hospital. However, all these minor actions help us understand how the nature works and let people interact with much less harm and inconveniences for the environment. Some of the deeds simply slowly kill the planet and the ecologists duty is to stop it and cure the Earth as much as possible. One of the biggest influences here is evolution as it changes the natures behavior and ignoring it means enormous problems over the long term. Ecologists present us knowledge and devices to react properly as well as protect both us and nature. Ecologists Working Place If you ask whats an ecologist main task, you will hear that it is ecosystem study. Most of the ecologists work in the state organizations within particular resource agencies. Also, there is a special branch in this sphere natural resource managers. These are the people who deal with subsoil resources and their working places can also be some commercial building companies, not only state ones. Apart from that, it is not a surprise to meet an educated ecologist in the university who teaches students to save the world in a similar way. Ecologists Duties As the environmental problems are growing each year, peoples awareness about nowadays and incoming issues is also increasing. This means that ecologists work quite well to inform the society about possible outcomes of the life people lead now. Moreover, huge companies now also own their private ecologists (usually with different names, including resource manager, lobbyist, environmental consultant, etc.) to avoid possible obstacles on this level. Ecologists Job Description Despite the main objective of finding relations between members of the ecosystem, ecologists still have plenty job tasks that vary depending on the working place. Among the most common are: conduct researches on different related topics; conduct statistical analysis of the certain question; calculate influential factors of a sphere; express the final opinion in combined publications; establish beneficial relations between company and partners on the basis of the studies. These are only some of the objectives that an expert ecologist should be able to perform. Ecologists Study Requirements The study of ecology differs from the other branches of science. Despite theoretical notions, practical experience is also of great importance. Early working experience, including volunteering, may be beneficial and helpful for the future jobs.

I will download directions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

I will download directions - Essay Example Integrity is one of those unfortunate words used ruthlessly in the United States of America but no attempt is ever made at arriving at the purpose of the frequent usage of the word. One of the reasons behind the tragedy is that often in this world, the people try to establish in others what they are devoid of themselves. One must say: â€Å"why do you preach what you do not do yourself†? When one teaches the other, the other asks for the same and the conflict begins. It means the lack of integrity brings about the downfall of nations by indulging them in warfare. Oh! My life is getting tougher day by day. Can you have a look at my course? The syllabus is not allowing me to spend my one minute for luxuries around me. The luxuries are appealing me with startling eyes. The world is inviting me for the charm, beauty and joys it has for me. I am confused which way to go. I am puzzled and something voicing from my inside; no way but to be honest with my studies. The policy orders me to meet the required studies daily. It gives me the deadline but invokes my energy to get my work done not waiting for the last minute. I should have done it much before the deadline. That is cruel for I should have some time to spend in the jocund companies of my friends. The Policy expects me to do so like one expects from the armies to be alert and to the point. For me to abide by the rules, policies, assignments and expectations, it is like a huge adventure. Let me try my best and hope for the better to come out. And for my friends, family and sports, they must listen; I have no time for them. OK. I have to achieve the distinguished character during the demonstration of the process of clinical inquiry. I want my critical questions to be comprehensive. I have an ambition; my thought process should be precise and accurate. I desire to have the ability to interpret and evaluate texts with the distinction. I long I should achieve distinction in commands over interpreting thesis and supporting evidences. In the critical evaluation of point of view, I wish ti be able to synthesize source-texts with purpose and precision and accuracy. My college intends to provide me with the abilities to face the world in future. For the purpose, a shift in policies is always imminent. For instance, Tunxis has implemented a new policy in which â€Å"grades’ have been eliminated and the â€Å"Course Ability Equivalent Scores† introduced. No doubt the method is to strengthen me with my improved knowledge, it has added to burdens over me. My instructor will no longer correct my errors, instead I have to discover and diagnose my problems myself. The responsibility of my success or failure is thus on my own shoulders now. My pleasures, how can I find time for you? My Composition Course aims at developing inside me skills of writing, my ability to read, evaluate, analyze and synthesize texts and ideas. With the standard use of English, my course is to enable me to writ e and revise essays with due formats. Attendance, Conduct and deadline, all I always meet with satisfaction. Essays need a high degree of concentration and learning. It is, therefore, quite a tougher job to do. To get it done to the satisfaction, my time is shortened again for my hobbies. Let me say good bye to my hobbies right now. Beg your pardon hobbies; it is to say off with you forthwith. According to Carter, â€Å"Integrity† is to fully understand the right and the wrong. When â€Å"right†

Positivist and Interpretivist Research Designs Essay

Positivist and Interpretivist Research Designs - Essay Example It is a case study format but still an effective format to lead out to the research objective and to the objective reality of the research (Shanks, 2002). The Methodology In order to address the question, there are two research approaches that are applicable in a positive research design – the descriptive research approach and the experimental research approach. The descriptive research approach will lead to the empirical studies, surveys, correlation studies, and relevant case studies about the employee motivation and performance in the UK domiciliary care sector (Poinasamy, 2009). This collected empirical evidence will become the source of guide for the researcher to carry out effective experimentation and observation. In order to understand the significance of relationship between zero hours contract and employee motivation, and zero-hours contract and employee performance, this accumulated empirical evidence will come out as an effective resource. Such collected empirical evidence will become a source of experimentation in the research (Belk, 2007, p.198). The Experimentation In the highly controlled conditions, the observations will be taken from the selected organization of the UK domiciliary sector (Poinasamy, 2009, p.3). These observations will become the primary source of data to understand the correlations between the zero hour contract and employee motivation and zero-hour contract and employee performance. It is actually the comprehension of the variables that will bring deliberate understanding for the positivist researcher. Keeping zero-hour contract as a constant variable, the effect of this variable will be found on employee motivation and performance, which are two dependent variables. By applying such... This report approves that the contemporary literature of research indicates that there are two approaches that are significantly applied to address research questions- positivism and interpretivism. The positivist research follows through the objective research design to address and answer the research inquires. The interpretivist research goes through with the subjectivist research design, which is based on introspection and exploration. This is how both of the research designs are significantly applicable to researches and empirical studies. The researcher will take the thematic rout e of analysis in order to explore the situation of UK domiciliary care sector. This report has applied both the positivist and the interpretivist research design to address a derived research question. The differences in terms of methodologies, beliefs and the research conducts are highlighted between both positivism and interpretivism. The difference indicates that positivist approach applies the scientific models for analysis, while the interpretivist approach applies personal rationale, and introspection to conduct research. In this way, the positivist approach sets the mathematical and scientific ground of research while the interpretivist design base the research on contemporary and past empirical evidences. Both approaches effectively address the research question but have a different route and methodology to conduct research.

Discuss the banking regulatory and market framework in UK, address Assignment

Discuss the banking regulatory and market framework in UK, address thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats - Assignment Example In 2009, collections for insurance premiums alone totalled nearly ?200 billion. The UK market for equities garnered 17% share of the global market in 2009, ranking only behind New York. Likewise, the fund management industry ranks among the world’s largest, managing some ?4.1 trillion for the year 2009. All in all, the financial services sector turned in the largest volume of corporate taxes for 2010, which comprised 11.2% of total tax receipts for the entire year. Contribution of output & employment to the UK economy from each financial services sector Financial Services Sub-Sectors Output (% of GDP) Employment Banking 5% 435,000 Insurance 2% 300,000 Fund Management 1% 50,000 Others including securities derivatives, commodities, and bullion 3% 208,000 Total 10% 993,000 Source: U.K. Parliament, 2011 Definition of financial stability The Bank of England is the statutorily designated entity to ensure the financial stability of the financial system of the UK, as pronounced in the Banking Act 2009. The specific definition of financial stability is difficult to delineate, because its context evolves over time. According to Adrian Coles, Director General of the Building Societies Association, articulated a definition for the proximate term, â€Å"monetary stability† in terms of a measurable objective, that is, the maintenance of a target inflation at 2%. In contrast, he highlights the elusiveness of the definition of financial stability: â€Å"How do we measure financial stability? How do we measure the success of the PRA? Is it one collapsed institution a year is okay but five, the Governor of the Bank has to write a letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer?† (Coles, in UK Parliament, 2011). This is one of the problems that must be faced if an agency is to be created and charged with the monitoring and maintenance of financial stability in the UK financial services industry. A consensus must be arrived at concerning its meaning, the extent to w hich it shall be achieved, the powers needed to ensure it, whether other policy objectives may be traded off for it, and in the case of the latter, how such trade-offs may be carried out. The most likely measures are to institute tighter measures to ensure increased capital ratios and improved quality of capital; however, these may only mitigate the dire effects of a crisis, not prevent them. In the past, however, the economic shocks used to emanate elsewhere in the system, such as in trade or business operations, and sometimes as a repercussion of unforeseen events, and then trickle down to the financial system. The recent crisis, however, emanated from a cause principally within the system, as a direct consequence of the actions of financial institutions, and then transmitted through the financial network by contagion (UK Parliament, 2011). In a market based economy, uncompetitive and inefficiently managed corporations should be allowed to fail: such is the position of the UK fina ncial authorities. In a stable financial system, though, other institutions should not be hard hit by contagion, or the adverse effects should be limited. The companies destined to fail should fail in such a way that it is the shareholders and creditors of the company that bear the risk of failure, not the public. â€Å"If necessary, an institution can be allowed to fail in a way that does not disrupt the financial system as a whole† (Treasury Committee, in UK Parliament, 2011). A major concern that must be addressed in the containment of contagion risks is the

Media: Government Transparency And Accountability

Media: Government Transparency And Accountability The media plays significant roles in acting as a medium in transferring the information between the government and the public. The information that the public received have ability to influence the perception and the decision making of the public. The media and the government have dependent relationship. Each of them has an influence on each other. However, the media, especially newspaper and television, are outlets that are likely to be influenced, by either the government or private interests. The intervention on the media may prevent the freedom of expression provided by the democracy. These interventions can be counted as corruption. Corruption is one way to reflect government transparency and accountability. Introduction It is obviously seen that nowadays the media plays a very important role in the development of the country. The development of the society, culture, economics, education, or politics are depending on the media since the media act as a major instrument in transferring the information between different people in the society. The media can have a strong influence to the people. What are written in the newspaper, what are shown on the television, or what are spoken through the radio can change the perception of the people. During the time when Thailand was under the absolute monarchy system, media was a significant part that helped moving Thai society toward modernization. However, after Thailand changed to the democratic system, the freedom of expression of the media was emphasized. Democracy can prosper only in societies where information and ideas can flow freely. The most accessible media in Thai society are newspaper and radio. However, the sources of media that are easy to capture by the government are the newspaper as well as the television. We will then focus on these two outlets in our study. The print media, the earliest kind of media in Thai society, are limited to only small number of people in the early period. However, as time passed, the situation was changing. There were papers with criticisms about the ruling class and government officials, as well as papers that were provided with some entertainment features. The role of the press then changed from serving the ruling class, government officials and foreigners to providing information for common Thai people. The newspaper industry grew along with Thailands economic growth. However, Thailands economic crisis in 1997 was a time when newspaper industry was affected by the economic downturn. When we look at the newspaper business in Thailand today, it is obviously seen that the newspaper business has constantly become more competitive. For the daily newspaper of Thai-language, the market shares are gained mostly by Thai Rath, accounted for 34per cent, and Daily News 19per cent. The two leading newspapers, Thai Rath and Daily News, are conservative in their political disposition. For the Business Daily Newspaper, Krungthep Thurakit is the dominant player, contributing for 85per cent of the maket share, while Puchadkarn and Post Today are taken for the other 15 per cen. For the English Daily papers, Bangkok Post and the Nation are the two players, taking about 55 per cent and 45 per cent of the market share respectively. Still, there are political influences in the newspaper business. The government has ability to influence the news contents or to make adjustments that created the desirable situations for them. The politicians can directly give bribery or they can give something not in the form of money but in kind of gifts or other kind of influences. For example, according to Who Owns the Asian Media: Thailand Media Report By Ubonrat Siriyuvasak, during Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatras second term in 2005, the Bangkok Posts front-page report on an alleged crack on the runway of the new Suvarnabhumi airport. The time of the report was the time when the government was under the investigation by the Opposition Party about the corruption of the constructing of the new airport. After the published of this report, the news editor, Chadin Thepwan was forced to resign by the Bangkok Post. This case showed that even though the government was not directly managed the newspaper or the news contents; it could do something to influence the business to be according to its way. For the most-consumed media in Thailand, the television, 86 per cent of the Thai population watching TV on a daily basis. Previously, there are six television stations in Thailand which broadcast freely on air and nation-wide. Three of the channels: Channels 5, 9, and 11, were operated by State operators, while the other three: Channels 3, 7 and iTV are operated by private concessionaires. iTV or Independent Television, was launched in 1996 as the first television station that was not owned by the State. It seemed to provide independent and critical programs for the people as well as act as a voice of democracy. However, iTV is becoming more and more profit-oriented and after the economic crisis in 1997, the company faced massive debts and finally, Shin Corporation of Thaksin Shinawatra took over iTV in 2000 before the Thai Rak Thai Party won the election in January 2001. Since the Thai Rak Thai and Thaksins Shin Corporation were related, during the election campaign, the news agenda and the contents were controlled by the new executive team. Journalists who went against such interference were fired. As a result, the pro-Thai Rak Thai news campaign was one factor that led the party to win in the election. A survey by the ABAC poll showed that television news coverage was overwhelmingly biased towards Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai government However, iTV, who was not able to pay back high debts after the crisis, was forced to stop broadcasting, now has continued broadcasting again under the Thai PBS name. Moreover, Channel 9 has been changed to MODERN 9 under the Mass Communication Organization of Thailand (MCOT) regulation; Channel 11 to NBT and are under the Public Relations Department. Since media are the powerful sources of information, many sectors, including both the private and the government, are trying to gain control of the media in order to manage the information sent to the public. Because the media has the ability to influence people as well as government, the government who depends on media by using media to get into the people, is the one who wish to take control, as we have seen in the previous examples. Every day, the media reports political news, telling the current government movements and government actions that show people how the government is working to help develop the country and solve the problems. The credibility and the image of the government are then depended on the information and the pictures that the media send out to the people. The government, therefore, wants to limit the information and take control of the media so that only the good things are presented to the public. As a result, many media are under the government intervention. From the measurement of transparency international; the global coalition against corruption website, it shows that the corruption perceptions index (CPI) of Thailand, according to the survey in 2009, is about 3.4 and is ranked on 84th from 180 countries around the world. Since the government intervention in media is associated with the corruption, Thailand who claims to be governed by democracy may not be able to say we are governed by complete democracy. Thailand has been involved with the problem of corruption for long time ago, in the past people may not know terminology and its importance since the corruption might be embedded with Thai culture so that people get used to it or it was known in other names. The problem of corruption also relates to the administrative system of the country. From Sukhothaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢the first era of Thailandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢up to the present, Thailand has been ruling by various forms of administrative systems depending on the influences or situations at the time so that the forms of administrative system are different in each era. We would like to talk about the administrative system in each era in order to make them as the basis for explaining corruption and how it came from. In Sukhothai era, the beginning era of Thailand, the administrative system was in the form of Father-Son or Paternalistic. King played a role as father while public played role as his children or family ruled in hierarchical pattern. It created good relationship among parties. After Sukhothai era exhausted its power, Ayutthaya era was replaced. The administrative was changed from Paternalistic to the Divine Rights system. This system was distinguishingly characterized as states come into existence by Gods will, God chooses the rulers of the states, and the rulers are responsible only to God. Divine Rights system was derived from Hindu influence, this system is unlike Father-Son system as it separated the rulers and public leading to different classes and privileges; the public were under the control of the rulers. This form of administration gave King the absolute power causing the distance between King and public. After very long period of powerful, Ayutthaya era was eventually fall. Thonburi era had been replaced, since King Taksin aimed to collect power to build the new kingdom, the administrative system was not different from Ayutthaya era. After Thonburi era, the current era, Rattanakosin era, has flourished instead. For Rattanakosin era, we would like to divide the era into early and lately Rattanakosin because in the period of King Rama V, there was dramatically change in Thailands administrative system; the abolishment of slavery, the education support, and the idea of reformation in administrative system to democracy. However, the idea of reformation to democracy was not shown up in the period of King Rama V, the idea has been established in Thailand and public began to participate in the administration. So,the administrative system in the early Rattanakosin before period of King Rama V still be the same as in Ayutthaya era. In the lately Rattanakosin era and after King Rama VII period, Thailand is governed by democracy up to the present. The Constitution of Thailand have been giving the freedom of expression to individual and the press since Thais ruling system was changed from absolute monarchy to democracy for almost 78 years, however, there have always been criticisms about the degree of freedom of expression of Individual and the press in Thai society since it came to associate with the government. The media still has freedom, but now its freedom is decreasing as the government tries to put its hands in. The objective of this study is to combine theoretical, empirical and other evidences in order to understand the relationships and their interactions among the media, the government and the public in Thailand. Understanding all these things will explain how media affect the transparency and the accountability of the Thai government. The role that the government plays in the media and the role that the media plays in the government are being interested increasingly by the society in these recent days. Therefore, as part of the Thai society, we would like to focus on performance of the media and government, particularly the effects from media on government accountability and transparency occurred within Thailand. When government tries to control media, this can be considered as corruption, so, the corruption problems will be highlighted as they play role in indicating the transparency of the government. As corruption can be categorized into private-to-private corruption and public corruption, our concentration will be only on public corruption; according to the Legal Information Institute of Cornell University Law School, public corruption is defined as a government official, whether elected, appointed or hired, may violate federal law when he/she asks, demands, solicits, accepts, or agrees to receive anything of value in return for being influenced in the performance of their official duties, and the further use of word corruption refers to this. Corruption can be one indicator to point out government transparency and accountability as well as a degree of democracy. The study will include; the corruption in election since the incumbents intervene on the media in order to present themselves i n a positive ways, the intervention of the government on media in sense of taking ownership and capturing the media such as television and newspaper. We will mainly focus on television and newspaper as the representatives of all kinds of media. Looking at the ownership of the television station and the newspaper outlet, these can point out the degree of government intervention and media capture since media have influence on government. Still, our study has some comparisons in some particular parts with other countries in order to make our analysis more clearly. Literature Review Matias Warsta (2004) described the overall frameworks about corruption problem in Thailand, as well as the suggestions for solving the problems. This empirical literature argues that the problem of corruption has been in Thailand for a long time and also deeply rooted as a part of Thai culture. The corruption problem has a great impact on the economic growth of a country. Warsta (2004) pointed out the relationships among government, media, and public in the corruption problem. Government tries to use its power to control media to get its desirable outcome since media has ability to communicate as well as to influence the public which can affect their perceptions about the credibility and the image of government. There are many reasons for corruption shown in this literature. Corruption Perception Index (CPI) is referred as the measurement of perception of corruption ranked form 0 to 10 where 0 means a country seems totally corrupt and 10 means no corruption. As CPI 2009 shown, Thaila nd entitled to 84th rank on the list of 180 countries which is interpreted as equitably high. Free media is one of the characteristic of democracy which plays a significant role as the watchdog to ensure that things are performed in the democratic way. However, government and politicians tend to increasingly get into the media by buying shares of the media or granting the money to media. Thailand attempts to reduce the problem of corruption by using various methods, but this literature gave the suggestion that in the long run Thailands key to success to reduce this problem is to reduce the huge gap between the rich and the poor as this gap is the top of the corruption problem in Thailand. Besley and Prat (2005) developed a baseline model suggesting that there is a possibility for the government to capture media and therefore influence political outcomes. The model states that the media plays role in providing information for the voters in the time election. The voters use the available information to make their voting decision. Besley and Prat (2005) show the relationship between media and political activities through the baseline model, which is a pure adverse selection model where the policy outcome is depended on the politicians type; whether the politician is good, giving benefit to the voters, or bad, giving no benefit to the voters. The model is set up as a game, having two components, a bargaining game and an election game. The bargaining game between the media and the politician determines whether the media is an effective information provider or not, since the politicians have abilities to hide bad news by make an offer to the media outlets. Those who accept the offers suppress the signal about the bad politicians. When the media receives a transfer in exchange for silence, the media is captured. On the other hand, the media is independent. The model and its extensions give number of predictions on the relationship between features of the media industry, media capture as well as political outcomes. John Zaller (1999) analyzes that the outcome of the media politics come from the goal-oriented and strategic behaviors. Zallers basic theoretical posture is that politicians, journalists, and citizens behave in ways that generally reflect individual goals and interests that in pursuing their various goals. He emphasizes the role of journalists, which the journalists have their own roles in acting as a voice of the politicians to communicate with voters. However, they can choose what to report. The journalists can add or reduce something before reporting in the news. The politicians also want the space about themselves in a good way in the news as well. This then create conflict between politicians and journalists for the control of the news. They are struggling to control news content within constraints set by the mass audience. ARTICLE 19 (2005) described the background of Thailand in many aspects, the history of media in Thailand, the media situation. All these provide good fundamental understanding about the media in Thailand. The empirical literature suggested that for the media to protect their freedom of expression, it is necessary that the media should be permitted to operate independently without the control from the government. This necessity should be held when the media claimed to have freedom of expression to ensure that the media play role as the watchdog and also serve the public interests. This literature argued that, for people, to understand the media in Thailand, they have to go far beyond the understanding of their function as the communicator among participants in the society, they have to bear in mind that the media are the business associations who seek for the profits from their self-interest. The literature has categorized the media ownership into the state-owned media and the private media. There are statistical shown that television and radio are the most accessible media among Thai public. Freedom of expression is also supported by Ubonrat Siriyuvasak (2006). The empirical analysis criticizes the lack of freedom in the media business in the recent year. Ubonrat provides the statistical data about the ownerships of the media, including the state and private ownerships of the radio and television stations, as well as the ownership of the newspaper. This literature criticizes the aim to control the media by the government, especially in the time of Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai government. Since during the Thaksin government, there were many changed took place including the change in media business, the paper then gives evidences of how the media outlet, especially, the newspaper and the television, were influenced by the government power. The question of who really own the media was emphasized by the author. Chapter 3 Analysis Since Thailand is governed under the democratic system, with democracy, it allows the equality, rights, and freedom to people in the society; people can enjoy all these things as long as they do not violate the others in the society. The provision of rights and freedom are in many aspects; freedom of expression is one of those aspects that relates to our paper. People in the democratic society can freely express what they think. In some societies, an opposing and unfriendliness relationship between media and government represents a vital and healthy element of fully functioning democratic system. However, the media and government depend on each others. Sometimes the media overlaps other functional areas of democracy and governance. Since the government nowadays can do some media managements or even can capture the media, the goal of media development should be to move the media from one that is directed or even controlled by government or private interests, to one that is more open and has a degree of editorial independence that serves the public interest. Many different kinds of mass media can create transparency. But the dominant medium of political communication and hence the dominant medium of political transparency is television. When we use television to understand politics, we see things in the way that television allows us to see. Television can create new forms of political reality that exist because they are seen on television. Television tends to emphasise entertainment value. People tend to interest in the entertaining things. The more entertaining news is more likely to survive in the broadcast world. Therefore, most television programs, public events, politics, and even law, are made to grab the attention of the viewers by entertaining them. They will launch the programs and present the news in the way that they think can catch the viewers. In the political news, television coverage of politics tends to focus less on substantive policy issues than on the other interesting news such as the inside stories about strategy and achieving political advantage. People tend to be interested on the issue of who the winner is and how they achieve their victory. These kinds of news tend to dominate in the television. Since the media, especially the television can portray the political issues in the ways it preferred, this affect the politicians as well as the government. Politicians and government understand that media become an important tool to influence the people and to retain their power. They therefore want to make sure that those things on the television are beneficial for their image and for the political situation. There are number of ways that the politicians and the government can influence the political contents in the media. Being part of the media can made it easier for them to influence the political contents. The ownership of the media, especially the television stations, is often under the state ownership. The state ownership of the media increases the likelihood that the media are being captured. Media ownerships are ranged from the private ownership to the state ownership. In theory, media ownership can be categorized into 2 groups: State-owned media, which often view information as a public commodity to be protected against a private sector monopoly in the public interest; and Private media, which, although they may distort information under the influence of political parties or commercial pressures, are at least not government controlled. There are laws and regulations that established to support for the independent of the media. The new Broadcast Act requires that all radio and TV stations be subject to license. Thai television channels remain under the tight control of various government agencies. Table 1: Owners and operators of Thai Television channels TV channel Owner Operator Channel 3 MCOT Bangkok Entertainment Co. Ltd. Channel 5 Royal Thai Army Royal Thai Army Channel 7 Royal Thai Army Bangkok Broadcasting Television Company (BBTV) Modernine TV (MCOT) MCOT MCOT National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) Governments Public Relations Department (PRD) Governments Public Relations Department (PRD) Thai Public Broadcast Station or TPBS (TPBS) Governments Public Relations Department (PRD) Private Channel 3 is owned by MCOT a former state enterprise under the ownership of government and the Royal Thai Army. It is operated by Bangkok Entertainment Co. Ltd. a subsidiary company of BEC World Public Co. Ltd., under contract. Channel 5 is both owned and operated by the Royal Thai Army. Channel 7 is owned by the Royal Thai Army and operated by the Bangkok Broadcasting Television Company (BBTV) under contract. Modernine TV or MCOT is both owned and operated by MCOT. National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) owned and operated by the governments Public Relations Department (PRD) of the Prime Ministers Office, and TPBS, previously iTV, is now a privately run independent TV station. TPBS is free from government control or influence, with its budget financed by sin tax. It is less likely to get any intervention from politicians or state power. According to table 1 showing the owners and operators of Thai television channels, the broadcast media are entirely owned by the state. However, the state has the ability to give concessions to the private operators in a limited number. The concessions were often given on a privileged patronage relationship. Those who had political powers or have connections with the concessionaries would have the priority to get the concessions which are given either in the short-term or in the long-term. As a result of the limited concessions, the state and a small number of media corporations have monopolized the channel on the rights and freedom of information and communication, for which ideas and culture are distributed. Moreover, since the state owns most of the countrys television stations, no broadcasting about corruption are not unusual. Not only the television can be bribed or influenced, the newspaper can be in the same situation as well. For the newspaper industry in Thailand, they are strongly owned by a single family or small groups of investors who share familial relationship, or a publishing group. Even they are privately owned, not being captured because of the state ownership, they can still be influenced as well. Table 2: Owner of Thai Newspapers Newspaper Owner Thai Rath Vacharaphol Family Daily News Hetrakul Family Khao Sod Matichon Pcl, a publishing group Kom Chad Luek Nation Multimedia Group Krungthep Turakij Nation Multimedia Group Post Today Post Publishing Pcl Phoojadkarn Daily Manager Media Group. Bangkok Post Chirathivat family, the South China Morning Post of Hong Kong, GMM Grammy Pcl. The Nation- Nation Multimedia Group Each newspaper has its own political stance, and they serve different group of readers. However, even the newspapers in Thailand are privately owned, they can still be under the political pressure as well. Being under the pressure, newspapers then have the ability to present the news contents in which bias toward government or against the government, depending on who pressure them. In addition to the direct political pressure, if the owner of the newspaper is interested in which side or political groups, he is more likely to accept the bribery. The side they take depends heavily on sponsorship by and private relationships developed between the newspaper and influential individuals or groups. Bribery can be in form of money and non-money, even though, the owner does not get money in order to support that side, he is still willing to receive the bribe in form of the special privilege or some kind of protections.. If the government or the politicians want the news to present information that is desirable for them, they can choose to pressure or bribe them. We can see that there is still a chance for the politicians or the government to influence the news. Most of media in Thailand are subjected to the influence of either government or groups of people. For the television, most of the channels belong to the state, indicating the lack of freedom of expression and the ability to influence outcome. For newspaper, the influence comes in form of bribery rather taking ownership. The state will get into the media, trying to manage their working process. It can arrange the information received and released by the media in order to control the information to be in its desirable outcome. With this action of state, the information is distorted, some truths are not revealed. The benefits of the distortion or the concealment will fall into hands of a group of people, not the whole. Thus, the intervention of state on the media is not desirable outcome for the society as a whole and it is inefficiency. Therefore, this is the way that can lead to the corruption problem. Corruption problem is one of the major issues in Thailand which tends to be more important through time. This does not mean that in the past Thailand had no corruption. Actually, the problem of corruption has been rooted in Thailand for ages but it may not be concerned or realized much as in the present. The possible reason is that the administrative system in the past gave absolute power to the king, the gap between king and public was quite large and classes in the society were existed. Moreover, people had no ability to make decisions in all kind of things, in other words, they had no rights and freedom in their own life. Since the administrative system of Thailand has changed to democracy and the country has developed, things have been improved especially the communication that tends to be more advanced. Because of rights and freedom people are allowed to enjoy especially the freedom in expressing opinion, so what people perform will have more opportunity to be revealed to public for them to realize unlike in the past that there was no freedom, thats why things were kept as with those who were relevant while the public could not know the truth at that time. Corruption problem that has been in Thailand for a long time starts to be recognized and people also start to realize that it is bad thing since it is extremely destroying the pattern of interaction for the society as a whole, it also creates the distortion and inefficiency in economic development, so the country cannot develop to its highest or even expected position with this constraint. Furthermore, corruption in Thailand may come from many possible reasons including low salaries of public servants, low education of people, big financial gaps between social classes, lacking transparency of governance, unstable political situation, lack of democracy, lack of freedom of word, heavy bureaucracy, and centralized power. However, in this paper, we will scope the reasons to the lack of transparency of governance, the lack of democracy, and the lack of democracy. In democratic society, people can participate in governing the country by electing the representatives to work and serve their interests. People can choose their representatives through election holding the principle of majority voting, in other words, those who get the highest voting will be the representatives. However, we can see that Thailand does not govern by complete democracy; Thailand is governed by semi-democracy, the possible reasons may come from many aspects such as culture that make the country cannot be governed by complete democracy. However, we are not able to judge whether complete democracy is suitable for Thailand because the country may have constraints or facts that the complete democracy cannot be used. Furthermore, the corruption problem can have great impact on transparency and accountability of the government as well as the image of the country. One of measure of transparency and accountability of government can be shown by election. Media provide information to public which influence their decision making in voting. Politicians may present themselves by using media since media can reach the majority of people. Moreover, as politicians desire to win the election, positive image is necessary, so they need desirable information to be sent out to public. The possible way to reach the target is bribery. As Thailand is governed by democracy system, the right in freedom of expression is provided to both public as well as the media. Thus, the interventions from government and politicians in the media companies contradict to their providing right. Moreover, such interv

SUblime Songs :: essays research papers

40 oz. to Freedom '89 Vision 100 Wieght of Collie Weed =5446 (That's My Number) Adult Books Ain't No Prophet =All You Need Babylon Stone =Badfish Ball & Chain The Ballad of Johnny Butt =Big Salty Tears =Boss D.J. Brand New Day =Burritos =Caress Me Down Chica Mi Tipo Chick On My Tip =Cisco Kid Crazy Fools D.J.'s Daccau Cabana The Dance Can't Go On (Without the D.J.) =Date Rape Dr. Woo Doin' Time Doin' Time (Acapella) Doin' Time (Bradley Version) Doin' Time (Eerie Splendor Remix) Doin' Time (Instrumental) Doin' Time (Marshall Arts Remix) Doin' Time (Pharcyde Acapella Remix) =Doin' Time (Snoop Dogg Remix) Doin' Time (Uptown Dub) Doin' Time (Wyclef Instrumental Remix) =Doin' Time (Wyclef Remix) Don't Push Don't Push (Original) Don't Push (Robbin' Remix) Drunk Drivin' Dub Medly II (From Sinsemilla '86 - '96) Ebin Eireen Eye of Fatima =Falling Idols Fighting Blindly Foreman Freestyle =Free Loop Dub Freestyle (From Sinsemilla '86 - '96) =Freeway Time in L.A. County Jail =Garden Grove Get Ready =Get Out! =Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Extended Ground Zero Guava Jelly Had a DAT Hope =I Don't Care Too Much For Reggae Dub I Don't Pay Attention I Love My Dog It's Who You Know Jailhouse Judge Not KRS-One Legal Dub =Let's Go Get Stoned =Lincoln Highway Dub Little District =Live at E's Loser Lou Dog Went to the Moon Make a Decision ('89 Vision New Version) =Mary Minor Threat =New Realization =New Song New Thrash One Cup of Coffee Paddle Out Pass Me the Lazerbeam =Pawn Shop Pay to Cum Perfect World =Pool Shark =Q-Ball =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. I =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. II =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. III Redemption Song Right Back =Rivers of Babylon Romantic Girl =Romeo Roots of Creation =S.T.P. (Secret Tweeker Pad) =Same in the End Same in the End (Extra Take) =Santeria =Saw Red =Saw Red (Acoustic) Saw Red Bandelero Scarlet Begonias Seed Slow Ride =Smoke Two Joints

Measuring Public Ratings’ Impact on Financial Condition

MEASURING PUBLIC RATINGS’ IMPACT ON FINANCIAL CONDITION OF MASS MEDIA COMPANIES IN THE PHILIPPINES: AN ANONYMOUS RELATIONSHIP A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the College of Business, Economics, Accountancy and Management De La Salle Lipa In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Business Management Major in Financial Management by Macatangay, Gladys Maralit, Joshua Montes, Jose Miguel Salute, Niel Patrick Acknowledged by Winnie D. Dimaano Thesis Adviser ABSTRACTThis study will aim to recognize the significant relationship of Public ratings/ media ratings to the subject mass media companies’ (ABS-CBN, GMA Network) financial condition and stock market performance for the years 2009-2011. The purpose of the study is to determine the companies’ public ratings/ media ratings for the years 2009-2011, to assess if there is a significant relationship between public ratings/ media ratings and the companies’ financial condition and stock market performance and to determine if public ratings/ media ratings have a significant effect on the companies.The public ratings/ media ratings will be gathered online through the websites of AGB Nielsen Philippines and Kantar Media. The researchers will be using secondary data collection technique in gathering information regarding the present study. The researchers will also use correlational research design to analyze the data. Descriptive design will also be used in the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii DEDICATION iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ivLIST OF APPENDICES v Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Introduction 4 Statement of the problem 5 Operational Framework6 Hypothesis7 Research Objectives 7 Significance of the Study 8 Scope and Limitation 9 Definition of Terms10 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Literature 11 Related Studies12 Synthesis 14 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design 15 Respondents of the Study16 Locale of the Study16 Research Tools an d Instruments16Data Gathering Procedure17 Data Analysis and Interpretation17 BIBLIOGRAPHY20 APPENDICES Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, statement of research objectives, significance of the study and the scope and limitations of the study. Introduction In the Philippines, one of the most influential systems of the society is media. Thus, this makes it one of the systems that the public knows the most and is familiar of.However, despite its familiarity, there are only few who are curious of how public ratings and public relations affect these companies’ financial condition in terms of its liquidity, solvency and stock value; and perhaps in the long run how it affects its profitability and revenue. In the past years, there have been two dominant Mass Media companies that are almost at par in terms of revenue in the country; The Alto Broadcasting System – Chronicle Broadcasting Network popularly known as ABS-CBN and the GMA Network (GMA), commonly signified to as â€Å"Kapuso Network†.These are major commercial television network in the Philippines owned and operated by the publicly traded Filipino media conglomerates. Public Ratings, in general has always been a part of these Mass Media companies’ way of showing their dominance over another and thus, the proponents came to an idea that perhaps public ratings have a significant effect on these companies financial condition and profitability ratio. The fact that these companies even spend large amounts of money to pay other market research companies to conduct a survey amongst the public is enough reason for the researchers to conduct a study about it.In general when conducting a study about Financial Management, it is common to have a study about the financial condition of a certain business or company concentrating only on one aspect of the company which is its financial statement. However, in this study the researchers would like to showcase the impact of public ratings to the financial condition of Mass Media companies in terms of its liquidity, solvency, and stock value and to prove if there is a significant relationship between these variables; as well as on its profitability ratio.Statement of the Problem This study will aim to recognize the significant relationship between mass media companies’ public ratings and financial condition from the year 2009 to 2011 here in the Philippines. The purpose of the study is to answer the following questions: 1. What are the public ratings of the two mass media companies in the years 2009-2011? 2. What are the companies’ financial condition/ performance in terms of: a. Return on Assetsb. Return on Equityc. Return on Investments 3.What is the Stock Market Performance/ Stock price of ABS- CBN and GMA network for the period 2009- 2011? 4. Is there a significant relationship between the companies’ public ratings and financial condition for the years 2009 to 2011? 5. What is the effect of public ratings to the media companies’ profitability and stock price performance? Operational Framework Hypothesis Ho1: There is a significant relationship between the media companies’ public ratings and financial condition. Ho2: Public ratings have a direct effect to the media companies’ stock market performance.Research Objectives It specifically aims to attain the following objectives: 1. Determine the public ratings of the two mass media companies in the years 2009-2011. 2. Determine the companies’ profitability ratios in terms of: a. Return on Assetsb. Return on Equityc. Return on Investments 3. Determine the Stock Market Performance/ Stock price of ABS- CBN and GMA network for the period 2009- 2011. 4. Determine if there is a significant relationship between the companies’ public ratings and financial condition for the years 2009-2011. . Determine the effect of public ratings to t he companies’ profitability ratio. Significance of the Study This study will be useful to numbers of sectors including the public, investors, brokers and traders, faculty, students and future researchers. For the publicThis study may introduce the value of public ratings to the public and may give them the idea that good public ratings does not only affect the media companies’ popularity or fame and its influence, but it also affects its financial condition in terms of its liquidity, solvency and stock value.For the investors This study is beneficial to the investors for they can have an additional basis in analyzing the past and the current financial condition of the media company they wish to invest at. The media companies’ public ratings would also help them analyze the which company profits more and which company gives greater opportunity for investment growth and diversification. For the brokers and tradersThis study is beneficial to the brokers and traders for they can have an additional basis in analyzing the companies financial health in terms of its liquidity, solvency and stock value.Thus, giving them basis for investment. For the facultyThe result of this study is beneficial for the professors to have a deeper understanding about what public ratings can really do to affect the financial condition of a certain company especially companies who directly concentrates on media usage for profitability. For the financial management students The result of this study is beneficial for them to learn more about the effect of public ratings which is commonly seen only as a basis for popularity.They can use it as a reference or guide to their study to further understand the factors that may affect a company’s financial condition. For the students and future researchersThe result of this study will serve as a reference to their finance courses. This will be useful to them by providing them essential details necessary in conducting thei r related studies. Scope and Limitations The study will focus on the significant relationship of public ratings to the financial condition of media companies in the Philippines in terms of liquidity, solvency and stock value.Specifically, the study will focus on public relations which may directly affect the public ratings of these media companies. Primary sources will be gathered by the researchers by visiting university libraries, reading articles and researches that are related to the study. Secondary resources will be also gathered via internet and finance websites These resources will prove that public relations have a significant relationship with public ratings. Furthermore, in determining the significant relationship between the variables (public ratings, liquidity, solvency and stock value), comparative analysis will be used.In order for comparative analysis to be done, the researchers gathered financial statements of both media companies from years 2009- 2011. The research ers also gathered the public ratings of these media companies that were gathered by market research companies that each media company has hired (Nielsen ratings and Kantar Media). Furthermore, the stock value for each company will be gathered. Definition of Terms Public Ratings Refers to media ratings issued by AGB Nielsen and Kantar Media market research firms in the Philippines that rate the subject corporations’ overall television viewer ratings.Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presented literature reviews related to the study. The section presents the writing of different personalities both foreign and local conducted by the proponents during their research which have been beneficial to the study. It involves reference materials and detailed facts stated by few people and pioneer in the field of investment that will serve as the foundation for sorting out and solving problems that may be encountered in the development of the proposed study.Literature an d studies presented in this study contained information, concepts, and findings that were contributory and fitting for the selection and development of the theoretical framework of the study. Synthesis was also created based from the gathered information and facts in literature and studies. Related Literature Public relations is now recognized as an important tool of management in production, distribution, and finance. â€Å"To have the people in your ommunity think well of you and your company, to win a measure of acceptance on the part of certain special publics, and lastly, as you devoutly hope, to gain some degree of recognition on the part of the general public. † is what media companies should do to gain better and more effective relations with the public. Related studies According to a book of Romeo P. Virtusio entitled â€Å"How to make it in PR: PR Veterans Tell Their Stories (2007),† Public Relations has a significant effect on Public ratings also known as me dia ratings.In this article the author emphasized that Public Relations is a significant asset to a company’s Public Ratings. The article also showed that there are long run relationships between the two, both directly affects each other progressively. A study conducted by a group of students from De La Salle University Taft entitled â€Å"Public Relations Firms in the Philippines and Their Life Cycle (2009),† explained that PR bears distinguishing marks for a company’s life as â€Å"failures† and â€Å"survivors. The study mentioned that Public Ratings can seriously affect a company’s orientation or leadership profile, vision, client management, financial management, preferences for innovation, and risk- taking propensity. Public Relation firms equally keep pace with the dynamic market and other forces to recognize the stage of decline which can trigger their demise, as in the case of defunct firms, and steer well through the known external envir onment/ public. This study also elaborated further the real effects of Public Ratings to companies. The operating relations firms are the survivors.They keep pace with the dynamic market and other forces in the known external environment, They keep abreast of their organizational life cycle by means of organizational blueprints for updates, interest in cultural orientation and judicious application of technological changes. Adaptation through selection is resorted to by the firms, so that alignment with the very satisfactory if not excellent business performance can be attained, to assure themselves of longer life cycle. It is in this regard that the applicability of the â€Å"Stewardship Theory† in management could be tested.The firms survive on the strength of their organization, systems and structures and competencies alone, which can prolong their life cycle. But even the masterful application of innovative management orientation and well- plotted strategy, which combines entrepreneurial orientation and stewardship, the resultant business performance still serve as a significant determinant of their life cycle. The â€Å"failed† firms are those whose management took for granted or ignored the essential requirements for a healthy and robust business concern.Deviations from the factors of entrepreneurial orientation and stewardship, and control of elements in the internal and external environments, generally lead to failures. An article written by Oscar S. Villadolid emphasized that in Public Relations, knowing the culture of the market, the set of beliefs and the value systems, traditions and ways of doing things, is what makes a strategy for good PR more effective. Mass Media companies will never get high media ratings if they do not do this. SynthesisThe studies and articles presented are closely related to the current study considering the different variables used. The primary focus was to determine the relationships between Public ratings also known as media ratings and the mass media companies’ financial condition. The studies presented assessed the significant relationship between public relations and public ratings. This helped in scrutinizing facts that are viable information to the completion of the study. Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHDOLOGY This chapter discusses the manner by which the study was conducted.The first portion shows the research design and the purpose of using such design. The second portion discusses the source of data and the third portion tells about the method of data analysis. It also discusses the ways in which relevant data needed for the research was collected and treated. Research Design This research paper will assess the relationship of public ratings and mass media companies found in the Philippines in terms of their profitability ratios mainly focusing on the companies’ return on assets, return on equity and return on investments for the years 2009 to 2011.The study will also focus on the companies’ financial condition that would help evaluate their performance in terms of solvency, liquidity and stock value. The study will use descriptive research design in order to analyze the relationship of selected mass media companies in the Philippines. Likewise, the correlational research design will be used to determine the impact of public ratings on the variables that were presented for the years 2009 to 2011. Respondents of the Study The subjects of the study would be the mass media companies specifically ABS-CBN and GMA Network that are listed under the Philippines stock market.Locale of the Study The study will be conducted in the Philippines specifically in Manila where the subjects are currently situated. Research Tools and Instruments The data that will be used for this study will be the public ratings posted by the market research companies hired to assess the ratings of ABS-CBN and GMA Network. Likewise, it shall use secondary data such as Finan cial Statement and Stock market performance. In order to assess the relationship between the variables mentioned, the researchers will gather the Financial Statements of these media companies for the years 2009 to 2011.Data Gathering Procedure The mass media companies’ data about profitability ratio and financial condition will be gathered through the use of information and communications technology by surfing the internet and researching through world-wide web. In addition, other data that will be used in this study will be collected through the references coming from the Library of the De La Salle University located at Taft mostly in the General collection and Periodical section. The researchers will also use secondary data collection technique in gathering information about the study.Secondary data will be derived from journal articles, manual/handbook and magazines as well as in the different educational, governmental and organizational websites for some related informati on about public ratings and mass media companies. Secondary data will also be obtained from related studies conducted for academic purposes. Data Analysis and Interpretation The researchers will analyze the data through the use of different methods for research. To test the relationship between the mass media companies’ public ratings, profitability ratio and financial condition, the correlational research design will be used.Moreover, the regression research design will be used to analyze and compare the financial statements of the media companies and their respective public ratings for the years 2009 to 2011. Descriptive design was also used in the study. Correlation analyses will be done to determine if significant relationship among the variables used in the study is present. The strength of the relationship among the variable will be interpreted using the following correlation equivalents: Table 1 Interpretation of Correlation Coefficient Values Correlation Coefficient V alue |Interpretation | |0 to 0. 10 |No correlation | |. 11 to . 30 |Weak correlation | |. 31 to . 50 |Moderate correlation | |. 1 to . 30 |Strong correlation | |. 71 to . 99 |Very strong correlation | The formula to be used will be: [pic] Where: n= number of pairs x, y are the number of the variables to assessed. Bibliography Romeo Virtusio P. 2007. How to make it in PR: PR Veterans tell their Stories. Filipino Book of Public Relations: 65-78. Branka Bugariska. 2013.Measuring Media Impact on Reputation: The Case of Telecommunication Companies in Macedonia. (available online:http://www. slideshare. net) Oscar Villadolid S, J. J Calero. 2007. How we dealt with Media. Filipino Book of Public Relations: 79-84. Davies, Gary et al. 2003. Corporate Reputation Management: The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communications. In: European Management Journal Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 201-212, April 2003 Doorley, John and Garcia, Helio Fred. 2007. Reputation Management: The Key to Suc cessful Public Relations and Corporate Communications. New York ,NY, USA: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

How to Write a Graduate Essay

How to Write a Graduate Essay There are several useful essay writing tips for students about how to write a graduate essay. Writing a good graduate essay requires from each student good writing skills,  imagination and patience. Before graduating they have to be succeed in writing any assignments and academic papers. In a graduate essay, we deal with the four parts. Which are Introduction, the Main body, the Conclusion and the Outline. As compare to a school level essay graduate level essay require better words and more comprehensive detail, best quality of writing skills and compact link between paragraphs in the main body are main features of a graduate level essay. Normally, kids at school feel that essay writing is easy, and they can write an essay at any level. However, when they reached the graduation level they poorly failed to write effective essays. Students of a graduate level need to know that at this level they are basically required to write mature level essays. Students of graduation need to search about the subject given to them. They should put some arguments in their essays.In the introduction of the essay, it is important to make a general view of the clause. In the introduction we may also cover a little detail about the plans and the objects of the essay, and what we are going to discuss in the main body. It is of the highest importance for a good essay to have an affective and magnetic introduction as it deals with all the essay body and the main body of the essay depends totally on that paragraph. In the main body, they should discuss the prime topic or subject in relevant detail with proofs and arguments. The graduate essay must focus on all the arguments discussed on the local introduction like a social issue or a debate or a speech. It should be kept in the active mind that the essay should be analysed more critically and examined from all the aspects both the positive and the negative impacts of the certain issue must me discussed in great detail in order to clear the issue stated in the article . Ultimately, the conclusion is the main juice of the essay like the introduction it also bears a vital importance. In the introduction we must include the results. The essay writers opinion either negative or the positive should be stated in that part of the essay. While writing the introduction it must be kept in mind that the discussions stated in the main body should not be ignored and the conclusion must be extracted from the main body. The outline and the key points can be most simply taken as the contents to be discussed in the essay. While choosing the degrees of the outline one must be very careful in order to state al relevant information needed for a graduate essay.

A Woman Holding Office essays

A Woman Holding Office essays Of all the places promoting equality and fairness, America is at the top of the metaphorical billboard. And yet, our preaching country has never proffered one thing: a woman as the leader of our fair nation. It is surprising to realize how few people actually realize that women have run for president or vice president in the past. None of them got on the ballot. I ask myself, Why is this? Why is it that none of the women become the major party nominees? The Philippines, after becoming relatively free when allied with the United States, had a female president quite soon after their democracy was founded. Corazon Aquino held her seat of office from 1986 to 1992 with a capable hand. Be it stereotypical of me to say this or not, studies in our country have shown that women tend toward the liberal side. I can only suppose that this is because they were degraded and looked down upon for quite a period of time as much as some racial groups. But whatever the case, I believe that a Republican woman would appeal to both major parties than a Democratic one. A woman running for president would need to garner support from many different groups, even some of the more difficult ones. A few of these would be the once-considered minorities, members of the major United States religions, and the liberals living in California and New York, not to generalize too much. That woman would have to be fair and forgiving enough to appeal to most of those inclined towards the left wing, but still have enough spunk and aggressiveness to carry the opinion of many of those that tend toward the right wing. She would have to be extremely well balanced in her policies and beliefs. She would also have to have sufficient popularity and financial backing. Any woman running for president would be starting from scratch, without the endorsements already enjoyed by many other candidates. Without the benefit of a national political organization made to s...

Linguistics structure and meaning in literary discourse Essay - 1

Linguistics structure and meaning in literary discourse - Essay Example The main terms used in the analysis are literary discourse, structure and cultural environment. The main sub issues involved in each point are gender relations and colonialism as a part of meaning in literary discourse. The structure of the chapter, dialogues and short remarks represents a unique meaning of the text, its linguistic peculiarities and cross cultural significance. Thesis The chapter reflects phonological, syntactic, morphological and semantic uniqueness of the text and its meaning. The chapter under analysis reflects complex syntax as a marker of literary discourse. The stereotypical hierarchy of superior western literature/inferior postcolonial literature dominates most literary study and it is clear that the establishment of Afrocentric criteria poses an important challenge to the traditional patterns. On this view, generalizations about syntactic structure are statable independently of considerations about interpretation or use. Meanings are composed of semantic primitives, e.g. concepts like 'banana' and 'eat', that are members of particular conceptual categories like Thing and Action. Moreover there are correspondence rules that map representations at one level into representations at another. Syntactic structures are explicit, more or less well understood, and relatively easy to specify and manipulate. It is possible to state generalizations, both true and false ones, in terms of the properties of the syntactic representation.